MYSTHENIA GRAVIS:-  DEFINITION :-  • Mysthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the myoneural junction ,is characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the voluntary muscles.  •  antibodies to cholinergic receptors  Its characterized by grave weakness of the muscle due to the inability of neuromuscular junctions to transmit impulses from nerve to the muscle  • It is a serious and sometimes a fatal disease.  • Myasthenia gravis is caused by the body’s immune system attacking the nerves supplying the muscles. • Women are affected more frequently than men . •  Myasthenia gravis usually affects younger women, and men over the age of 60. CAUSES :-  • Mysthenia gravis is caused due to the development of autoantibodies against the receptors of acetylcholine.  • That is, the body develops antibodies against its own acetylcholine receptors.  • These antibodies prevent binging of acetylcholine with its receptors or destroy...

  DEXTRO CARDIA:-  • from Latin dexter, meaning "right," and Greek kardia, meaning "heart"  • DEFINITION :-  dextrocardia is a rare heart condition in which your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of the left side  • Dextrocardia is a congenital condition .    INCIDENCE :- • Less than 1 % of the general population is born with dextrocardia. TERMINOLOGY :- • Dextroversion or Dextrorotation :- • Rotation of heart around vertical axis  ,such that left ventricle lies anterior to right ventricle . • DEXTROPOSITION :- • Anatomically normal heart is shifted to right due to someone acquired pathology ,such as right lung fibrosis ,collapse or left sided massive pleural effusion or pneumothorax etc. 

  SPINA BIFIDA • "SPINA " means " RELATEd TO SPINE " • "BIFIDA " means "WITH TO BRANCHES /DIVISIONS" • DEFINITION = Spina bifida is developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube . • Spina bifida is a birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy. • Spina bifida is a neural tube defect , results from defective fusion of one or more posterior arches with resultant protrusion of the contents of the spinal canal • CAUSES = family history • Folic acid deficiency • Pregnant women taking valpronic acid have an increased risk to having children with spina bifida. • Maternal diabetes • Genetic basis • Obese women • Diabetes • TYPES :- There are two main types: • A)spina bifida occulta, (Occulta = HIDDEN) Spina bifida aperta ( APERTURE = OPENING) B) Spina bifida Cystica 2. meningocele and 3. myelomeningocele ...

  Cardiac Cycle DEFINITION:- Cardiac cycle is defined as the succession of coordinated events t aking place in the heart during  each beat. - Each heartbeat consists of two major  periods called systole and diastole. - During systole,   heart contracts and pumps the blood through arteries. - During diastole, heart relaxes and blood is filled in the  heart. All these changes are repeated during every  heartbeat. in simple mathod:-  - The  cardiac cycle  is the performance of the  human heart  from the ending of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next.  - It consists of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called  diastole , following a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood, dubbed  systole . After emptying, the heart immediately relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood  returning from  the lungs and other systems of the body, before ...

  📚📚 ELBOW CLINICAL ALL CONDITIONS 📚📚 • 👉Elbow joint :- it is hinge variety of synovial joint. •👉 Lower end of humerus ,the upper ends of radius and ulna bones. •📝 ARTICULAR SURFACES📝:- • UPPER :- • 👉the capitulum and trochlea of the humerus. • LOWER :- 1. Upper surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum. 2. Trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus 3. The superior radioulnar & humeroulnar joint are together known as cubital articulations. • 📝 LIGAMENTS 📝:-  1. Capsular ligament 2. Ulnar collateral ligament 3. Radial collateral or lateral ligament. •📝 BLOOD SUPPLY 📝:- • From anastomosis around the elbow joint • 📝 NERVE SUPPLY 📝:- • The joint receives branches from the following nerves:- 1. Ulnar nerve 2. Median nerve 3. Radial nerve 4. Musculocutaneous nerve • 📝 MOVEMENTS 📝:- 1. Flexion is brought about by:- • Brachialis • Biceps brachii • Brachioradialis 2. Extension is produ...