Skip to main content

ASTHMA

Post a Comment

DEXTRO CARDIA

 DEXTRO CARDIA:- 


• from Latin dexter, meaning "right," and Greek kardia, meaning "heart" 


• DEFINITION:-  dextrocardia is a rare heart condition in which your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of the left side 

• Dextrocardia is a congenital condition . 


 INCIDENCE :-

• Less than 1 % of the general population is born with dextrocardia.


TERMINOLOGY :-

• Dextroversion or Dextrorotation :-

• Rotation of heart around vertical axis  ,such that left ventricle lies anterior to right ventricle .

• DEXTROPOSITION :-

• Anatomically normal heart is shifted to right due to someone acquired pathology ,such as right lung fibrosis ,collapse or left sided massive pleural effusion or pneumothorax etc. 



• DEXTROCARDIA:-

• mirror image anatomical position along vertical axis. 

• Kartagener syndrome 

• Kartagener syndrome is when dextrocardia situs inversus is accompanied by primary ciliary dyskinesia, an inherited condition where the cilia that help move mucus become immobile. 

• Roughly 20 percent of those with dextrocardia also have Kartagener syndrome.


 TYPES:- 

There are two main types of dextrocardia: 

1. dextrocardia of embryonic arrest 

(also known as isolated dextrocardia) 

2. dextrocardia situs inversus. Dextrocardia situs inversus is further divided.


1. DEXTROCARDIA OF EMBRYONIC ARREST :-

• Also called as isolated dextrocardia ,

• the heart is simply placed further right in the thorax than is normal. 

• It is commonly associated with severe defects of the heart and related abnormalities including pulmonary hypoplasia. 


2.DEXTROCARDIA WITH SITUS INVERSUS :-

 Generally without any cardiac defect. 

the heart being a mirror image situated on the right side. For all visceral organs to be mirrored, the correct term is dextrocardia situs inversus totalis. 

Autosomal recessive condition. 

If situs  inversus is with levocardia, it is almost always associated with severe cardiac defects. 


• Overall incidence of dextrocardia : 1 in 12000 people .

ETIOLOGY :-

• Genetic predisposition 

(Autosomal recessive situs inversus ) 

• Problems during organogenesis and rotation of viscera. 

• Association with kartagener syndrome 

(50% of patients has situs inversus dextrocardia). 


ECG FEATURES:-

•  Right axis deviation 

• aVR  :-  upright P & T wave positive QRS. 

• Lead l :- inverted P , T &  Q R S 

• Chest leads :- absent  "r" progression 

Dominant  "s"  wave throughout.



SYMPTOMS:-

• Symptoms that require medical attention include: 

• unexplained and continual exhaustion 

• Inability to gain weight 

• Chronic infections, especially of the sinus and lungs 

• difficulty breathing 

• Jaundiced or yellowed skin 

• blue-tinted skin, especially around the fingers and toes


COMPLICATIONS 

• complications associated with dextrocardia may include: 

• When these anatomical differences occur, they can also make surgery difficult. 

• bowel disorders, usually from obstruction due to malrotation (reversal) 

• bronchial diseases, such as like chronic pneumonia, associated primarily with a loss of cilia (hair-like projections) from mucosal tissues 

• esophageal disorders 


• cardiovascular disorders 


• heart failure or disease 


• infection and sepsis


DIAGNOSIS 

• Most cases of dextrocardia are diagnosed using an electrocardiogram (EKG) and chest X-ray. 



• An EKG that shows inverted or reversed electrical waves usually points to dextrocardia. 

• Once a doctor suspects dextrocardia, they may use a computed tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to confirm the condition.


TREATMENT 

• A complete mirror image dextrocardia with no heart defects requires no treatment 

• The type of treatment needed depends on the heart or physical problems the infant may have in addition to dextrocardia. 

• If heart defects are present with dextrocardia ,the baby will most likely needed surgery. 


• MEDICATIONS :-

• Water piles (diuretics)

• Drugs that help the heart muscle pump more forcefully ( inotropic agents)

• Drugs that lower blood pressure and ease the workload on the heart (ACE inhibitors)




Comments

Post a Comment

If you have any doubts please let me know

Popular posts from this blog

Cerebral Palsy with PT management

📚 Cerebral palsy 📚 📚 What is cerebral palsy 📚 ...? ( General Introduction ) 👉Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. 👉 CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. 👉 Cerebral means having to do with the brain. Palsy means weakness or problems with using the muscles. 👉CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a person’s ability to control his or her muscles. 👉 The symptoms of CP vary from person to person. 👉A person with severe CP might need to use special equipment to be able to walk, or might not be able to walk at all and might need lifelong care. 👉A person with mild CP, on the other hand, might walk a little awkwardly, but might not need any special help. CP does not get worse over time, though the exact symptoms can change over a person’s lifetime. 👉 All people with CP have problems with movement and posture. ...
Post a Comment
Read more

SCIATICA WITH PT MANAGEMENT

  SCIATICA   INTRODUCTION :- • Most frequent radicular pain syndrome of spinal origin.  • Occurs due to irritation of a spinal nerve root associated with disc herniatition at L4 – L5 or L5–S1. • Pain usually begins in the lower back radiating to the sacroiliac regions, buttocks,thighs ,calf & foot  • Sciatica is a symptom , NOT A DIAGNOSIS.  Branches:- •  The sciatic nerve branches into 2 main divisions behind the knee— • the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve. 1.The tibial nerve courses down and supplies the back of the leg and the sole of the foot.  2.The common peroneal nerve supplies the front of the leg and foot.    Pathway:- • After its individual contributions end, the sciatic nerve exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis muscle. •  The nerve then runs along the back of the thigh, into the leg, and finally ends in the foot. ONSET :- • Onset is often traumatic  • Exertion or a fo...
Post a Comment
Read more

FROZEN SHOULDER

Frozen Shoulder  What Is a Frozen Shoulder? 👉 Frozen shoulder is a condition that affects your shoulder joint. It usually involves pain and stiffness that develops gradually, gets worse and then finally goes away. This can take anywhere from a year to 3 years. 👉 Your shoulder is made up of three bones that form a ball-and-socket joint. They are your upper arm (humerus), shoulder blade (scapula), and collarbone (clavicle). There’s also tissue surrounding your shoulder joint that holds everything together. This is called the shoulder capsule. Shoulder joint  👉 With frozen shoulder, the capsule becomes so thick and tight that it’s hard to move. Bands of scar tissue form and there’s less of a liquid called synovial fluid to keep the joint lubricated. These things limit motion even more. 👉 Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition associated with shoulder pain and stiffness. There is a loss of the ability to move the shoulder, both voluntarily and by ot...
Post a Comment
Read more